nor even prays, yet is still lauded as a man of poverty, asceticism, and worship. You will find such a one loitering in the haunts of devils and filth—public bathhouses, kilns, and rubbish heaps—smeared with urine and excrement, keeping company with dogs, neither performing ablution nor bathing from a state of janābah (major ritual impurity). In fact, he may abandon the prayer altogether, or else perform it without ablution.

Yet it is known by necessity in the religion of Islam that the five daily prayers are obligatory upon every person, and that ablution after minor impurity and a full bath after major impurity are themselves obligatory: one is not permitted to pray without them when able, nor to resort to tayammum (dry ablution) when able to use water. Whoever denies the obligatoriness of these matters is, by unanimous agreement of the Muslims, an unbeliever.