to wage jihad against you should you refuse—while he is in fact lying about all of that. Plainly, whatever serves as proof that Allah has commissioned him also establishes that he is truthful in his mission; if it fails to do so, it proves nothing. A messenger who fabricates lies cannot achieve the very purpose of prophethood; rather, he would belong to those who forge falsehood against Allah, and such people are not among Allah’s messengers. Consequently, it is impermissible to believe their claim that “Allah has sent us.”