, together with atheism, unbelief, misguidance, ignorance, and outright absurdity. In this way it becomes clear to the general public that the people who espouse it are among the most misguided of all. A level of corruption surfaces that most worshippers had never imagined, rousing from their stupor those who could not distinguish error from guidance. Knowledge and faith then revive hearts that were dead—hearts that neither recognized the virtues of those upon whom Allah has bestowed His grace among the prophets, the steadfast affirmers of truth, the martyrs, and the righteous, nor recoiled from the vices of those who have incurred wrath or gone astray. For the very faults for which Allah censured the Jews and Christians in His Book are such things as denying the truth when it conflicts with one’s whims, arrogantly refusing to accept it, envying its people, transgressing against them, following the path of deviation, miserliness, cowardice, hardness of heart, describing Allah—exalted is He—with the defects and shortcomings of created beings, and denying the attributes with which He has described Himself.