the philosophers of Macedon and Athens, such as Aristotle and his peers among the Peripatetic school and others besides them. Aristotle preceded the Messiah by roughly three hundred years and was the vizier of Alexander son of Philip, the Greek Macedonian from whom the Roman era employed by Jews and Christians is dated. He and his people were polytheists who worshipped idols; he was never called Dhu l-Qarnayn, nor is he the Dhu l-Qarnayn mentioned in the Quran, and this Macedonian never reached the land of