and from their own teachers—details of which no one outside their circle has any knowledge.

So too the Christians possess accounts of the disciples, of Constantine, of the first Council of Nicaea and of the second, third, fourth, and fifth councils, as well as the other gatherings they convened; their scholars affirm these narratives with complete certainty, although others remain entirely unaware of them.

Likewise, those versed in the history of Islam know the life stories of Abu Bakr, ʿUmar, and ʿUthman and their military expeditions—such as the Battle of Ajnadin and Marj al-Suffar, which took place during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, and the Battle of Yarmuk and the report concerning Abu ʿUbaydah—