dictates of reason and the consensus of rational people, and a fuller treatment of this point belongs elsewhere. Now, because acting by choice necessarily entails an object willed and loved for its own sake, whatever moves in the heavens by its own volition—whether these be the angels or what they call a "soul"—must have some beloved object intended for its own sake; that object is the deity who is worshipped and intended by those motions. Likewise the human soul: its volitional movement is intrinsic to its very essence, so it too must have a beloved object sought for its own sake, and that object is the deity. This beloved object, pursued for its own sake, is Allah, exalted be He, and it is impossible for it to be anyone else, as has been elaborated elsewhere. It has been demonstrated that He cannot exist through another; rather, He is necessarily existent in and of Himself. Therefore, it is impossible that He be sought for the sake of something else—He is sought for His own sake.

Just as it is impossible for the universe to have two omnipotent lords, it is likewise impossible for it to have two deities who are worshipped, for the very fact that one of them is capable contradicts the other's being capable. Two powerful agents cannot concur with respect to a single object of power, nor can one retain the ability to act while the other also retains that ability, nor can the power of one be nullified by the power of the other while they are deemed equals.