here is that every piece of beneficial knowledge or righteous practice possessed by the People of the Scripture—indeed, by any people on earth—is likewise found among the Muslims. Moreover, the Muslims possess additional truths that no one else has in all the matters that lead to happiness and deliverance. The wise among all nations command justice and noble character and forbid injustice and indecency; they maintain certain theological disciplines and forms of worship suited to them, and they honor the learned and the devout within their own ranks. In this respect, the Indians, Greeks, and Persians are more accomplished than the pagan Turks, Berbers, and those like them, though the latter, too, have a portion of such virtues. It is clear upon reflection that nations endowed with a revealed book—such as the Jews and the Christians—excel those without a book in both intellectual and practical virtues. Whatever people have not received from the prophets can still be known through reason and reflection, or through dreams, inspiration, reports from the jinn, and other pathways known among the nations. Every sound avenue—whether rational, intuitive, or otherwise—