Thus, Muhammad’s teaching, his reminding, and his testimony are nothing other than the teaching of the Holy Spirit and of his own spirit. Reports that an angel may speak through a human tongue—or that a jinn may do so—are numerous. Ibn ʿUmar, for instance, narrated: “We used to say that the sakīna (divine tranquillity) speaks on the tongue of ʿUmar.” People likewise say, “No one cast those words upon your tongue except Satan.” Yet in such cases the person still speaks by his own power and choice; he is not like the seizure victim through whose tongue a jinn speaks while he is aware of what is being said. Hence it is said: This is the speech of the human Messenger, and it is simultaneously the speech of the angelic Messenger. It is also said: The Paraclete—the Spirit of Truth, the Holy Spirit—bears witness to me, and he is