the followers of Aristotle—have no knowledge of the angels, nor even of the jinn. All that they really know concerns natural bodies; in the realm of theology they have uttered only a few scant words, whose falsehood far outweighs whatever truth they contain, as has been explained elsewhere.

These same philosophers maintain that the First Intellect produced the intellects and celestial spheres beneath it, until the chain ends with the Tenth Intellect, which, they say, originated everything under the lunar sphere. In the judgment of the messengers and their followers among all religious communities, this is rank unbelief. For the substance of the claim is that one angel created everything beneath the heavens, while another angel above him created everything other than Allah—exalted is He. Such a notion is among the gravest forms of disbelief according to the religion of the messengers and the adherents of the faiths—Muslims, Jews, and Christians alike.

The Most High has said:

“They say, ‘The All-Merciful has taken a child.’ Exalted is He! No indeed; they are but honored servants. They do not precede Him in speech, and they act only at His command. He knows what lies before them and what is behind them, and they intercede only for those He approves, and they are ever fearful of Him.” (Surah al-Anbiyāʾ 21:26-28)

Thus He informs us that the angels do not forestall Him in speech and act only by His leave—much less could any angel be the creator of all things.