Another flaw is their claim that the existence of the Creator is identical to the existence of the creature; this too is false.

Another is that a ray’s lodging within glass necessarily entails the indwelling of one thing in another. Yet they repudiate any notion of indwelling, insisting instead that “existence is one.”

Another is that the very ray resting upon the glass is not the same thing as the glass itself, whereas in their view the being of the Lord is the being of contingent things.

Another is that the ray present in this particular pane of glass is not numerically identical to the ray present in another pane, even though it resembles it; but they assert that existence is one and indivisible, admitting of no plurality.

Another is that a ray is an accident dependent on the glass—it relies on it just as every accident relies on its substrate. Accordingly, if they use the ray as an analogy for the Lord, they are compelled to say that the Lord depends on everything other than Himself while everything else has no need of Him. This turns reality on its head and is the gravest form of disbelief in the Creator, exalted is He, for He is self-sufficient above all else, whereas everything besides Him is in need of Him.

Anyone—Christian or otherwise—who asserts that Allah indwells any created being is likewise forced to admit that He would then depend on the thing in which He indwells, for indwelling, in truth, can mean nothing else.

For this very reason, the faith, guidance, light, and knowledge that settle in the hearts of believers are dependent on those hearts and subsist only through them.