1 – The Shāfiʿī school: it is a major sin
Al-Shāfiʿī explicitly ruled it makrūh, and in his usage here that term denotes prohibition; the proof for this … 48
Clearing Imām al-Shāfiʿī of the accusation that he permitted a man to marry the daughter born to him through fornication … 50
The need to be alert to the modern meanings that some Arabic words have recently acquired, with illustrative examples … 52
The ḥadīth beginning, “Whoever abandons my sunnah …” has no foundation … 53

2 – The Ḥanafī view: makrūh taḥrīmī (disliked to the point of being effectively forbidden) … 55
Imām Muḥammad explicitly deemed it reprehensible to establish a mosque next to a grave … 55

3 – The Mālikī school: prohibition … 55

4 – The Ḥanbalī school: prohibition … 56
The ruler is obliged to eliminate places of disobedience, even if that entails burning them down … 56
The report of ʿUmar burning a wine-seller’s shop … 57
The ḥadīth that the Prophet—Allah bless him and grant him peace—considered burning the houses of those who stayed away from the congregational prayer is authentic,