(1) Al-Shawkani, in Sharh al-Sudur fi Tahrim Rafʿ al-Qubur, after citing the hadith of Jabir in the wording, “The Messenger of Allah forbade plastering the grave and building over it,” p. 70 of the Majmuʿa al-Muniriyya, states: “This text explicitly prohibits erecting structures on graves. The ban covers anyone who builds along the sides of the burial pit—as many people do when they raise a grave by a cubit or more—because one cannot turn the grave itself into a mosque; consequently, the intended meaning must include whatever adjoins and is contiguous with the grave. It likewise applies to whoever builds close to the grave’s perimeter, such as the domes, mosques, and large shrines in which the grave stands in the middle or to one side. All of this counts as ‘building on the grave,’ a fact obvious to anyone with the least understanding, just as one says, ‘The sultan built a wall on such-and-such a city or village,’ or, ‘So-and-so built a mosque in such-and-such a place,’ even though the structure directly touches only the city’s outskirts. There is no difference whether those sides on which the building rests are near the centre, as is the case with a city…”