their names” (1), yet the realities they denote differ enormously.
Allah—Mighty and Majestic is He—said, “Gardens of everlasting residence.” Everlasting residence means remaining in a place and never departing from it. Part of the perfect bliss enjoyed by the people of Paradise is that none of them will desire any change from the bliss they possess, for no one will see anyone else as having anything more perfect, nor feel inwardly diminished compared with someone of a higher and more perfect rank. Allah Most High says, “They will never desire any change from them” [al-Kahf: 108]. That is, they will not desire any change from their present state, because Allah has made them content with what He has given them, so they will see no one as enjoying more perfect bliss. This is why Allah Most High called these Gardens “Gardens of everlasting residence.”
“Beneath which rivers flow.” The scholars said that “beneath which” means beneath their palaces and trees; otherwise, the rivers flow upon the surface of Paradise, not below it. The rivers Allah—Mighty and Majestic is He—mentions here in general terms are described in detail in Surah (Muhammad): “The likeness of the Paradise promised to the God-fearing is that in it are rivers of water that never stagnates, rivers of milk whose taste never changes, rivers of wine delightful to those who drink, and rivers of purified honey” [Muhammad: 15]. Reports describing these rivers state that they flow without channels or trenches (2). This means that a river flows over the surface of the ground in whichever direction a person directs it. There is no need to dig trenches or construct a channel to prevent the water from flowing to the right or left. Ibn al-Qayyim—may Allah have mercy on him—says concerning this in his Nūniyya:
Its rivers flow without a channel’s bound;
Glory to Him who keeps them from overflowing.
“Abiding therein forever,” means that they will remain there forever. They will neither die nor fall ill; they will never know misery, pain, or sorrow, nor will they be touched therein by