Al-Ijmāʿ - Ibn al-Mundhir - (119)

Book of the Mudabbar (mudabbar)

588 — They unanimously agree that when a man declares his male or female slave a mudabbar and does not revoke the declaration before his death, the manumission is taken from one-third of his estate after any debts have been paid and any bequests carried out. Provided the master was of full age and sound legal capacity, freedom becomes binding for the slave—male or female—upon the master’s death.

589 — They unanimously agree that if he says to his slave, “If I die from this illness, or within this year, you are free,” this does not constitute tadbīr.

590 — They unanimously agree that should the master actually die during that illness or while on that journey, the slave is freed, the manumission being charged to one-third of the estate.

591 — They unanimously agree that the value of a mudabbar is deducted from the one-third share of the estate. Masruq and Ibn Jubayr alone dissented, holding that it is taken from the entire estate.

592 — They unanimously agree that when a man frees a slave ʿan dubur—that is, to take effect after his death—the emancipation does not occur until the master really dies.

593 — They unanimously agree that a man may continue to have relations with his female slave even after he has declared her a mudabbar. Al-Zuhri alone disagreed, maintaining that this is impermissible.

Book of Mothers of Children (umm walad)

594 — They unanimously agree that when a man lawfully purchases a slave-girl, has relations with her, and she bears him a child, her legal status in most respects remains that of an ordinary slave.

595 — They unanimously agree that the child borne by an umm walad to her master is free.

596 — They unanimously agree that any children she bears by someone other than her master follow her status: they are emancipated when she is emancipated and remain enslaved while she is enslaved. Al-Zuhri alone dissented, saying that such children remain owned property.

597 — They unanimously agree that if a man frees his umm walad while terminally ill, the ruling is the same whether or not he possesses other property: her manumission is charged to the whole estate, not merely to the one-third share.

كتاب الْمُدبَّر ٥٨٨ - وأجمعوا على أن من دبّر عبده أو أَمته ولم يرجع عن ذلك حتى مات، فالمدبَّر يخرج من ثلث ماله بعد قضاء دين، إن كان عليه، وإنفاذ وصايا إن كان أوصى بِها، وكان السيد بالغًا جائز الأمر، أن الحرية تَجب له إن كان عبدًا، ولها إن كانت أَمة بعد وفاة السيد. ٥٨٩ - وأجمعوا على أنه إذا قال لعبده: إن مت في مرضي هذا، أو في عامي هذا فأنت حرٌّ، فليس هذا تدبيرًا. ٥٩٠ - وأجمعوا أنه إن مات في مرضه أو في سفره أنه حرٌّ من ثلث ماله. ٥٩١ - وأجمعوا أن المدبَّر يخرج من الثلث. وانفرد مسروق وابن جبير، فقالا: من رأس المال. ٥٩٢ - وأجمعوا على أن من أعتق عبدًا له عن دبُر، أنه لا يعتق إلا بعد موت السيد. ٥٩٣ - وأجمعوا على أن الرجل يصيب وليدته إذا دبَّرها. وانفرد الزهري فقال: لا يجوز ذلك. كتاب أُمهات الأولاد ٥٩٤ - وأجمعوا على أن الرجل إذا اشترى جارية شراء صحيحًا ووطئها وأولدها أن أحكامها في أكثر أُمورها أحكام الإماء. ٥٩٥ - وأجمعوا على أن ولد أُم الولد من سيدها حرٌّ. ٥٩٦ - وأجمعوا أن أولادها من غير سيدها، لمنزلتها، يُعتقون بعتقها، ويرقون برقها. وانفرد الزهري، فقال: مملَّكون. ٥٩٧ - وأجمعوا أنه إذا أعتق الرجل أُم ولده في مرضه، ولا مال له أو له مال فسواء، وتعتق من رأس المال.