from something else. If one of them needs the other while the other has no need of it, the needy one is an effect and the Necessary Being is the other; and because every effect is dependent on a cause, this would make the very essence of the Necessary Being contingent upon a cause.
He says: The objection to this runs as follows. Among these three possibilities the one that should be adopted is the remaining alternative. Yet your dismissal of the first alternative—absolute duality—we have already shown in the previous discussion to be without proof, for it can only stand if one first assumes the impossibility of multiplicity in the very question now under dispute and in those that follow. How, then, can you build the present issue upon something that is itself no more than a derivative of it?
The correct position is rather to say: an essence, in its subsistence, has no need of attributes, whereas an attribute does need the subject it describes, just as is the case with us. This nullifies their maxim, “Whatever is in need of another cannot be a Necessary Being.” Accordingly we say to them: If by “Necessary Being” you merely mean “that which has no efficient cause,” why do you make that stipulation? And on what grounds is it impossible to say: just as the essence of the Necessary Being is eternal and without an agent, so too His attribute is eternal along with Him and without an agent?
But if by “Necessary Being” you mean “that which lacks an efficient cause,” then, on that definition, He would not count as a Necessary Being—yet He would still be eternal and without an agent. What contradiction does that involve?
Should it be argued: “The absolutely Necessary Being is that which has neither an efficient nor a receptive cause; therefore, once a receptive cause is conceded, His being an effect has been conceded,”
I reply: Calling the receptive essence a “receptive cause” is merely your terminology. The proof that established the Necessary Being does not hinge on your technical usage; it only shows that there must exist something by which the regress of causes and effects comes to an end, and it shows nothing beyond that. Such a termination can perfectly well be secured by positing a being who possesses eternal attributes that have no agent—just as He is the agent of His own essence,