absolute necessity, absolute quiddity, the Necessary Existent, and the absolute individuation of the Necessary Existent are concomitant. This particular existence and this particular necessity accompany this particular necessary quiddity, and the individuation of each of them accompanies it as well. Indeed, every entity found in external reality is of this sort, whether it is deemed necessary in itself or through something else. Thus, this specific human being possesses a humanity peculiar to him, an animality peculiar to him, a reality peculiar to him, a quiddity peculiar to him, and an individuation peculiar to him; all of his properties are inseparably linked. He and another human being share humanity, animality, reality, quiddity, and individuation, and these shared attributes are likewise concomitant. This is patently self-evident to anyone who understands it and admits of no opposite.
As for the discussion of the second premise, he says: It is allowable for the quiddity to be a cause, just as quiddities are the cause of the capacity to receive existence; and it is allowable for an attribute of the quiddity to be the cause of another attribute, just as the differentia is the cause of the propria. But it is not allowable for the quiddity, nor for any of its attributes, to be the cause of existence, because the cause is ontologically prior to its effect (1). If, then, one or both of them were the cause of existence, one of two impossibilities would ensue: either the thing would be ontologically prior to itself, or it would exist twice—both of which are blatantly false.
All of this is founded on the assumption that a particular existent—such as a human being—possesses a quiddity distinct from it; that if it is a substance, it contains a substantial existence subsisting in itself, distinct from its external, self-subsisting quiddity; and that if it is an accident, it possesses an accidental existence subsisting in another, distinct from its quiddity, which likewise subsists in another. They refer to this issue by saying that the existence of every existent