some instances of the universal without the particular; and the universal’s attaching to the particular—or the particular’s attaching to the universal—is by no means impossible.
We shall, God willing, return to that point. For now the discussion concerns the very premise on which they founded their proof: they treated things as possessing two attributes, making one of them universal, never particular, and the other particular, never universal—despite the fact that each of the two can be universal and can be particular exactly like the other. On that basis they built the claim that the universal must be either the consequent or the ground, the accident or the subject. Their example resembles someone who comes upon two men, says to one of them, “This is a human being,” to the other, “This is an animal,” and then proclaims, “The human is more specific than the animal; therefore this one is more specific than that, so wherever this exists that exists, though not vice-versa.” He would be told: “Both of them share the fact that each of them is human and animal.”
Your statement “The human is more specific than the animal,” if by it you mean that a particular human being is more specific than a particular animal, is false. And if you mean that the class of human beings is more specific than the class of animals, the two share the absolute concept of “animal” just as they share the absolute concept of “human,” and that does not entail that either one of them, in itself, is more general than the other; indeed, calling this one more general than that is no more justified than the reverse.
The same holds for things judged to be necessary: when it is said that the two share existence and necessity, and that each differs from the other by the specificity of its quiddity, reality, self, or the like, the reply is: both share the fact that each possesses a quiddity, a reality, an individuation, a necessity, and an existence. If you take the shared element in the abstract, all of them are concomitant; and if you take it as something present in external reality, they are likewise concomitant. Existence