Now that this has been made clear, let us imagine two beings, each of them a necessary existent. Suppose someone says, “They share existence and necessity, yet they differ by individuation (taʿayyun), quiddity (māhiyya), essence (dhāt), reality (ḥaqīqa), or other expressions used in this context. Moreover, what they hold in common is either consequent upon what distinguishes them, or vice-versa; or it is accidental to it, or vice-versa.”
We reply: You have separated what they share from what differentiates them only in terms of absoluteness and determination, thereby positing two classes. One of these classes may serve as the consequent of the other, its ground, its accident, or its subject. Yet the two classes remain alike with respect to generality and particularity, absoluteness and determination, and—so long as they are mutually exclusive—each entails the other in both directions. If, however, they are identical, the entire argument falls apart.
If it is said, “They are two distinct entities, each entailing and being entailed by the other; it is impermissible for one alone to entail without the converse,” we answer: The existence and necessity you have declared common—if by them you mean sheer, unrestricted existence and sheer, unrestricted necessity—then take on the opposite side an unrestricted quiddity, essence, reality, and individuation. For just as the two share the designation of existence and necessity, they likewise share the designation of essence, quiddity, reality, and individuation.
And if you maintain, “They share in existence and necessity,” you will be told, “They share as well in individuation, essentiality, actuality (taḥaqquq), and the like.” But if, by the existence and necessity predicated of each, you intend what is peculiar to that very being, then correspondingly assign to each what is peculiar to it in respect of individuation, reality, quiddity, and so forth; for it is evident that each of them agrees with the other in that it is existent, necessary, individuated, an essence, a reality, and a quiddity, while it differs from the other in