(= He did not say that they must be fought until they pay the jizya; this view is the explicit, recorded position of Ahmad. The other opinion, voiced by al-Shafi‘i, is cited by al-Khiraqi in his Mukhtasar, and a group of Ahmad’s followers endorsed it). He also states in al-Safadiyya (2/321): (Fighting them is not required beyond this point; once they hand over the jizya in person while humbled, the divinely mandated fighting has been fulfilled). (1) Ibn al-Qayyim, Hidayat al-Hayara (1/12): (He never compelled anyone to accept the religion. He fought only those who fought him, whereas anyone who made peace or sought a truce was left unmolested and was not forced to enter his religion, in obedience to his Lord’s command: “La ikraha fi ad-din, qad tabayyana ar-rushdu mina al-ghayy” (There is no compulsion in religion; guidance has become clear from error). The statement functions as a prohibition: do not coerce anyone in matters of faith … The correct view is that the verse applies universally to every unbeliever. This is evident for those who permit taking jizya from all unbelievers: they are not forced to adopt the religion; rather, they must either embrace it or pay the jizya … Whoever studies the Prophet’s biography will see that he never forced anyone into his religion; he fought only those who fought him. Those who concluded a treaty with him were spared as long as they upheld it, for God commanded him to honor their agreements so long as they remained faithful … When he arrived in Madina, he made a pact with the Jews and allowed them to remain on their religion; when they later waged war against him and broke the covenant …