and that killing those among them who do not fight us constitutes a form of aggression that Allah has forbidden. Ibn al-Qayyim (1), may Allah have mercy on him, said: “This was the Messenger of Allah’s practice with the peoples of the earth: he would fight those who fought him until they either entered his religion, concluded a truce with him, or came under his authority by paying the jizyah. He issued the same guidance to his detachments and armies whenever they engaged the enemy, as has been reported in the ḥadith of Buraydah mentioned earlier. Thus, if the unbelievers desist from fighting the Muslims, make peace with them, and hand over the jizyah in person and in humble submission, the arrangement benefits both the Muslims and the polytheists. The benefit to the Muslims lies in the revenue collected, which strengthens Islam while humiliating and subduing disbelief; this is more advantageous for them than leaving the unbelievers without jizyah.”