Qāʿidah fī Qitāl al-KuffārIbn Taimiya

First Proof for the Prohibition of Killing a Disbeliever Solely on Account of His Disbelief

Thus, the principle we have already stated—that fighting is sanctioned because of armed hostility (1), not because of unbelief in and of itself—is exactly what the Quran and the Sunnah affirm, and it is what sound reasoning demands.

For had disbelief itself been the factor that necessitates killing—or even merely permits it—the killing of women would not have been forbidden (2), just as execution becomes obligatory or permissible for a woman in cases of adultery or legal retaliation (qiṣāṣ).

(1) The printed edition reads: “al-harb” (war). (2) Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah states in al-Sarim al-Maslul, 2/206: “It is not permissible to kill a woman unless she takes part in the fighting, for the Prophet once came across a slain woman during one of his campaigns and said, ‘This one was not fighting,’ and he forbade the killing of women and children … Killing a woman merely because she is an unbeliever is unlawful, and we know of no time when it was ever permitted to kill a non-combatant unbelieving woman; rather, the Quran and the sequence of its revelation prove that such permission was never granted.” He further says in the same work, 2/319: “The factor that makes execution obligatory is verbal abuse (sabb), not simple disbelief or belligerency … Wherever this factor is present, execution becomes obligatory, because disbelief itself renders blood …”
[الدَّلِيلُ الأَوَّلُ عَلَى تَحْرِيمِ قَتْلِ الكَافِرِ لمُجَرَّدِ كُفْرِهِ] فَهَذَا الأَصْلُ الَّذِي ذَكَرْنَاهُ - وَهُوَ أَنَّ القِتَالَ لِأَجْلِ الحِرَابِ (١) لَا لِأَجْلِ الكُفْرِ - هُوَ الَّذِي يَدُلُّ عَلَيهِ الكِتَابُ وَالسُّنَّةُ، وَهُوَ مُقْتَضَى الاعتبار. وَذَلِكَ: أَنَّهُ لَو كَانَ الكُفْرُ هُوَ المُوجِبُ لِلْقَتْلِ - بَلْ هُوَ المُبْيحُ لَهُ - لَمْ يحرِّمْ قَتْلَ النِّسَاءَ (٢)، كَمَا لَو وَجَبَ أَو أُبِيحَ قَتْلُ المَرْأَةِ بِزِنًا، أَو قَوَدٍ،
(١) في المطبوعة: (الحرب). (٢) قال شيخ الإسلام في الصارم المسلول (٢/ ٢٠٦): (فقتل المرأة لا يجوز إلا أن تقاتل؛ لأنه رأى امرأة في بعض مغازيه مقتولة، فقال: ما كانت هذه لتقاتل، ونهى عن قتل النساء والصبيان ... لأن قتل المرأة لمجرد الكفر لا يجوز، ولا نعلم أن قتل المرأة الكافرة الممسكة عن القتال أبيح في وقت من الأوقات؛ بل القران وترتيب نزوله دليل على أنه لم يبح قط). وقال في الموضع السابق (٢/ ٣١٩): (الموجب للقتل هو السب لا مجرد الكفر والمحاربة .. فحيثما وجد هذا الموجب وجب القتل؛ وذلك لأن الكفر مبيح للدم =

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