the fighting is undertaken only in response to armed aggression (1); therefore, anyone who sues for peace and does not take up arms is not to be fought, whether he is a Person of the Book or an idol-worshipper. This is the position of the majority, and it is the view of Mālik, Abū Ḥanīfah, and others.

He then mentioned that ʿUmar did not impose the jizya on the Magians until ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf informed him that the Prophet ﷺ had levied it on the Magians of Hajar (2).

He went on to say:

Once you have grasped the reality of the sunnah, it becomes clear that the Messenger made no distinction between Arab and non-Arab, and that his taking the jizya from the Magians was an overt and well-known practice. The report of ʿAmr ibn ʿAwf concerning Abū ʿUbaydah’s arrival with funds from Bahrain