(1) Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah writes in Al-Siyasah al-sharʿiyyah, p. 106: “As for the People of the Book and the Magians, they are to be fought until they either accept Islam or pay the jizya with their own hand while humbled; regarding everyone else, the jurists differ on whether the jizya may be taken from them.” He also states in Al-Safadiyyah, 2/321: “After the revelation of the verse on jizya, scholars disagreed: is it taken only from the People of the Book and those with a semblance of scripture, excluding all others, or may it be taken from any unbeliever with whom a treaty is permissible? The Prophet, peace be upon him, did not levy it on the Arabs because his battles with them occurred before the jizya verse was revealed—or because Arabian polytheists are an exception. Three well-known opinions exist on this issue. The majority allow taking it from the idolaters of India, the Turks, and other non-Arab peoples, and all of these groups may likewise be granted a treaty when need or benefit requires.” Shaykh al-Islam further says in Minhaj, 8/514: “When God commanded that the People of the Book be fought until they pay the jizya with their own hand while humbled, the Prophet collected the jizya from the Magians. Muslims unanimously agreed on taking it from the People of the Book and the Magians, but scholars differed concerning the rest of the unbelievers, holding three positions: (a) all of them are to be fought thereafter until they pay the jizya with their own hand while humbled if they do not embrace Islam—this is the view of Malik; (b) Arabian polytheists are excepted—this is the position of Abu Hanifa and, in one report, of Ahmad; (c) it is restricted to the People of the Book and those with a semblance of …” (text continues).