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[Jizya is levied on all unbelievers]
Then, after addressing the case of the polytheists, He said: “Fight those who do not believe in Allah or the Last Day…” (Qur’an 9:29). The verse therefore mentions fighting the Christians, but their being singled out here cannot mean that the ruling applies only to them (1), for the text likewise permits fighting the Jews and the Zoroastrians.
(1) Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah writes in Majmuʿ al-Fatawa, 34/209: “The Almighty’s statement, ‘qatilu alladhina la yu’minuna billah wa-la bi’l-yawm al-akhir wa-la yuharrimuna ma harrama Allah wa-rasuluhu wa-la yadina dina al-haqq min alladhina utu al-kitab hatta yuʿtu al-jizyata ʿan yadin wa-hum saghirun’ (Fight those who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day, who do not forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, and who do not follow the religion of truth among the People of the Book, until they pay the jizya by their own hand while they are humbled) includes every member of the People of the Book, even if they were not among those actually fought in the Prophet’s lifetime. Those contemporaries were Arab and Byzantine Christians, while he had already fought Jews before the verse was revealed. Hence the verse covers Christians such as the Copts, Abyssinians, Circassians, Alans, Laz, Georgians and others. This and similar passages illustrate the Quran’s universal scope: whatever falls under its wording and meaning is incorporated, even if it is not mentioned by name.”
[الجِزْيَةَ تُؤْخَذُ مِنْ جَمِيعِ الكُفَّارِ]
ثُمَّ إِنَّهُ بَعْدَ أَنْ ذَكَرَ أَمْرَ المُشْرِكِينَ قَالَ: ﴿قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلَا بِالْيَومِ الْآخِرِ﴾ الآية.
فَذَكَرَ قِتَالَ النَّصَارَى، وَتَخْصِيصُهُمْ بِالذِّكْرِ لا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ لِاخْتِصَاصِهِمْ بِالحُكْمِ (١)، فَإِنَّهُ يَجُوزُ قِتَالُ اليَهُودِ وَالمَجُوسِ بِالنَّصِ
(١) قال شيخ الإسلام في الفتاوى (٣٤/ ٢٠٩): (وكذلك قوله تعالى: ﴿قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلَا بِالْيَومِ الْآخِرِ وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ﴾ يدخل فيه جميع أهل الكتاب، وإن لم يكونوا ممن قتلوا على عهد النبي، فإن الذين قتلوا على زمانه كانوا من نصارى العرب والروم، وقاتل اليهود قبل نزول هذه الآية، وقد دخل فيها النصارى من القبط والحبشة والجركس والأل واللاص والكرج وغيرهم، فهذا وأمثاله نظير عموم القرآن لكل ما دخل في لفظه ومعناه، وإن لم يكن باسمه الخاص).