(1) Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyya states in Al-Jawab al-Sahih (1/219): “Anyone from the ahl al-dhimma, those under covenant, or those granted safe-conduct (mustaʾman) is not to be fought with weapons; he is included among those whom Allah has commanded us to invite and debate with in the best manner, and he is not among those whom Allah has ordered us to fight.” He also says in Al-Sarim al-Maslul (2/182): “It is impermissible to kill a mustaʾman merely for his disbelief, for the aman (safe-conduct) renders the blood of the harbi inviolable and turns him into a mustaʾman.” (2) Shaykh al-Islam writes in Al-Fatawa (28/354): “The original disbeliever who is not a combatant is not to be killed, according to most scholars such as Abu Hanifa, Malik, and Ahmad.” He further adds in the same volume (28/414): “Only those among the original disbelievers who are combatants may be killed, as the majority of scholars hold and as the sunnah indicates.” He also notes in Al-Fatawa (16/80): “The divine words, wa idha al-mawudatu suʾilat (8) biʾayyi dhanbin qutilat (‘and when the baby girl buried alive is asked (8) for what sin she was killed,’ Qurʾan 81:8-9), prove that no life may be taken except for a sin committed by that person. Hence it is forbidden to kill a minor or a madman, for legal responsibility is lifted from them and they bear no sin. This rationale should leave no doubt regarding the prohibition of killing…”