his own destruction, and he will not be regarded as a martyr. ⦗al-Furūʿ 5/239; Ikhtiyārāt al-Baʿlī, p. 171⦘
– Paying a protection fee (khafārah) is permissible when it is genuinely needed to ward off harm from the person being protected; when no such need exists, it is impermissible, just like the levy the ruler takes from his subjects. ⦗Ikhtiyārāt al-Baʿlī, p. 171⦘
– Any woman who feels secure may undertake the pilgrimage even without a mahram. Abū al-ʿAbbās said: This ruling applies to every journey made for an act of obedience. ⦗al-Furūʿ 5/245; Ikhtiyārāt al-Baʿlī, p. 171⦘
– If she is among the elderly who no longer menstruate, have despaired of marriage, and have no mahram, then according to one of the two scholarly opinions she may perform the pilgrimage with whomever she trusts; this is one of the two reports from Aḥmad and the view of Mālik and al-Shāfiʿī. (1) ⦗Majmūʿ al-Fatāwā 5/13⦘
– In his Egyptian Fatwas, Abū al-ʿAbbās affirmed that a woman may not travel for ḥajj except with her husband or a mahram. ⦗Sharḥ al-ʿUmdah 4/75; Ikhtiyārāt al-Baʿlī, p. 172⦘
– A mahram is the woman’s husband, or any man who is permanently unlawful for her to marry by kinship or another cause, even if the kinship derives from intercourse that was presumed permissible. (2)