Do not imagine that intellect consists merely of quick wit, sharp perception, verbal eloquence, or an ability to engage in endless talk. Sound intellect is for a servant to grasp, deep within his heart, the beneficial realities—comprehending them fully, distinguishing them from their opposites, recognizing the option that is weightier and therefore preferring it, while discarding what is weaker or harmful.
Put briefly: the intellect is that by which useful knowledge is apprehended, and which restrains its possessor from harmful matters.
• Benefit: In several Qur’anic passages the text begins with a general category and then adds, by way of conjunction, one of the very individuals already included in that generality. This signals the special virtue and heightened emphasis of the item singled out, showing that it enjoys qualities that merited explicit mention. Examples include: “Whoever is an enemy to Allah, His angels, His messengers, Gabriel, and Michael—then Allah is an enemy to the unbelievers” (2:98); “The angels and the Spirit descend therein” (97:4)—the Spirit being Gabriel; “Guard strictly the prayers, and the middle prayer” (2:238); “Those who hold fast to the Book” (7:170)—which encompasses the entire religion—followed by “and establish prayer” (7:170). Likewise, “Recite (i.e., follow) what has been revealed to you of the Book” (29:45), which includes all the prescribed laws, and then “and establish prayer” (29:45), together with the reason for it. Reflect on other verses of this pattern and you will see that the specification after the general points to its honor, greater emphasis, and the fine fruits that follow from it.
• A subtle benefit: In a number of Qur’anic verses, after stating a ruling Allah does not explicitly pronounce the judgment upon it; instead He cites one of His beautiful names. Whoever knows that name and its effects understands that the ruling in question proceeds from that very name. In this way Allah urges His servants to gain a true knowledge of His names, to recognize that they are the foundation of creation and command, and that both the universe and the divine law are manifestations of His names.