Taysir al-Latif al-Mannan fi Khulasat Tafsir al-Quran - Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi’ - (الكتاب/347)

Taysir al-Latif al-Mannan fi Khulasat Tafsir al-QuranAbd al-Rahman al-Sadi’

He therefore emigrated to Medina and settled there, and he was given permission to fight after having previously been forbidden to do so before the Hijrah, for an evident wisdom. He recited, “Permission [to fight] has been granted to those who are being fought because they were wronged, and Allah is surely able to help them” (22:39). From then on he began dispatching military detachments.

In the second year, Allah made zakat and fasting obligatory upon His servants. The verses concerning fasting and zakat were revealed in that very year when they were prescribed. As for His words, “And woe to the idolaters (6) who do not give zakah” (41:6–7), what is meant here is the zakah of the heart—its purification through monotheism and the abandonment of idolatry.
That same second year also witnessed the Battle of Badr. The cause was a Quraysh caravan laden with tremendous trade goods from Syria; the Prophet ﷺ set out with a light column of his Companions to seize it. Quraysh marched out to protect the caravan, and the two forces converged at Badr without prior arrangement. The caravan escaped, while the main body met the Messenger and his Companions. The polytheists numbered a full one thousand men with horses, whereas the Muslims were three hundred and a few more, sharing only seventy camels and riding them by turns.

Allah routed the idolaters with a crushing defeat: their chiefs and nobles were slain, many were taken captive, and a calamity befell them the like of which they had never experienced. Concerning this battle and its details Allah revealed Surah al-Anfal.

After the Prophet ﷺ returned to Medina triumphant, those of the Aws and Khazraj who had not yet embraced Islam were humbled, and some of them entered the faith hypocritically. For that reason, all the verses dealing with the hypocrites were revealed only after the Battle of Badr.

Then, in the third year, came the Battle of Uhud: the idolaters advanced and mustered their forces against the Muslims until they reached the outskirts of Medina. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ went out with his Companions, arrayed and organized them, and they met at Uhud, the well-known mountain to the north of Medina.

فهاجَرَ إلى المدينةِ واستقرَّ بها، وأُذِنَ لهُ في القتالِ بعدَما كانَ قبلَ الهجرةِ ممنوعًا؛ لحكمةٍ مشاهدةٍ، فقالَ: ﴿أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ (٣٩)﴾ [الحج: ٣٩]، وجعَلَ يُرسلُ السرايا. * ولما كانتِ السنةُ الثانيةُ فرَضَ اللهُ على العبادِ الزكاةَ والصيامَ، فآياتُ الصيامِ والزكاةِ إنما نزلَتْ في هذا العامِ وقتَ فرضِها، وأما قولهُ تعالى: ﴿وَوَيْلٌ لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ (٦) الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْتُونَ الزَّكَاةَ﴾ [فصلت: ٦ - ٧] فإنَّ المرادَ زكاةُ القلبِ وطهارتهُ بالتوحيدِ وتركِ الشركِ. * وفي السنةِ الثانيةِ أيضًا كانتْ وقعةُ بدرٍ، وسببُها أنَّ عيرًا لقريشٍ تحملُ تجارةً عظيمةً من الشامِ، خرجَ النبيُّ ﷺ بمن خفَّ مِنْ أصحابهِ لطلبِها، فخرجَتْ قريشٌ لحمايتِها، وتوافَوا في بدرٍ على غيرِ ميعادٍ، فالعيرُ نجَتْ والنفيرُ التقَوا معَ الرسولِ وأصحابهِ، وكانوا ألفًا كاملي العددِ والخيلِ، والمسلمونَ ثلاثُمائةٍ وبضعةَ عشرَ، على سبعينَ بعيرًا يَعتَقِبُونَها. فهزَمَ اللهُ المشركينَ هزيمةً عظيمةً: قُتلَتْ سَرَواتُهم وصناديدُهم، وأُسِرَ مَنْ أُسِرَ منهم، وأصابَ المشركينَ مصيبةٌ ما أُصيبوا بمثلِها. وهذهِ الغزوةُ أنزلَ اللهُ فيها وفي تفاصيلِها سورةَ (الأنفال). وبعدَما رجَعَ إلى المدينةِ منها مظفرًا منصورًا ذلَّ مَنْ بقيَ ممنْ لم يُسلِمْ من الأوسِ والخزرجِ، ودخلَ بعضُهم في الإسلامِ نفاقًا؛ ولذلكَ جميعُ الآياتِ التي نزلَتْ في المنافقينَ إنما كانتْ بعدَ غزوةِ بدرٍ. * ثم في السنةِ الثالثةِ كانتْ غزوةُ أُحدٍ: غزا المشركونَ وجيَّشُوا الجيوشَ على المسلمينَ، حتى وصلُوا إلى أطرافِ المدينةِ، وخرَجَ إليهم رسولُ اللهِ ﷺ بأصحابهِ، وعبَّأَهم ورتَّبَهم، والتقَوا في أُحدٍ عندَ الجبلِ المعروفِ شمالي المدينةِ.