without delay and without diminishing anything of it. And in this there is evidence
• that the dowry (mahr) belongs to the bride;
• that it must be delivered to her—or to her appointed agent if she is legally competent, and to her guardian if she is not;
• that she acquires full ownership of it the moment the contract is concluded, for Allah has attributed it to her and commanded that it be given to her, which by definition establishes ownership.
The words, “If they, of their own good pleasure, remit to you anything of it” (Qur’an 4:4)—that is, anything of the dowry—whether by waiving part of it, postponing it, or accepting a reduced substitute, “then consume it with satisfaction and ease”; no blame or sin rests upon you for doing so. This proves that a legally competent woman may dispose of her property, even by way of gift, and that her guardian is entitled to none of the dowry except what she willingly gives him when she is competent.
From the command, “Marry those who are pleasing to you among women,” one also deduces the prohibition of marrying a vile woman whom it is unlawful for a Muslim to marry: namely an idolater who is not from the People of the Book, and likewise a fornicator until she repents, as Allah explicitly mentioned concerning both.
This verse further shows that a dowry is an indispensable element of marriage and that it may be large or small, for the wording is general. No one may marry without a dowry; if none is stipulated, the equivalent dowry (mahr al-mithl) becomes due—except for the Prophet ﷺ, for whom this was a special concession, as Allah says: “and any believing woman who offers herself to the Prophet, if the Prophet wishes to marry her—exclusively for you, not for the rest of the believers” (Qur’an 33:50).
In His words, “Do not prevent them from marrying their [prospective] husbands” (Qur’an 2:232), there is proof that a guardian (walī) is required for marriage. The qualified guardian is the agnate male relative, the nearest taking precedence over the next. If no guardian—near or distant—can be found because he is nonexistent, unknown, or absent for a long period, the ruler or judge assumes that role; thus the ruler or judge is the guardian of any woman who has no guardian.