• It is also understood from the verse that learning to write is among the deeds beloved to Allah, and that the skill itself is a divine favor. Showing gratitude for this blessing means that no scribe should refuse to record a document in the very manner Allah has enabled him to write.
• Because Allah has instituted these rulings to safeguard people’s rights, it follows that one must learn how to draw up legal documents and master the conventions current among people in their transactions. Only a scribe who is thoroughly versed in such matters can draft contracts correctly, allowing others to preserve their rights. Mere literacy, without familiarity with these protocols, is insufficient; the scribe must also be known for integrity and reliability so that people may place full confidence in his work.
• We likewise learn that a handwriting whose author is known and trusted is admissible and relied upon, fulfilling the purpose of written documentation during the scribe’s life and after his death.
• The passage further confirms the obligation to give testimony. Anyone who has undertaken it must deliver it, and concealing testimony is one of the major sins. Just as perjury—affirming what is untrue or denying what is proven while knowingly lying—is a gravely major sin, so, too, is withholding truthful testimony. Both acts wrong the rightful claimant by depriving him of his due, wrong the witness himself by exposing him to sin, and wrong the aggressor by aiding him in injustice and transgression.
• The verse also establishes the legitimacy of documentary instruments for securing rights, which fall into four main categories:
– testimony and pledges (rahn), as explicitly mentioned here;
– guarantees and suretyship, inferred from the same principle and from Allah’s words: wa-anā bihi zaʿīm (“and I will be responsible for it,” Yusuf 12:72), that is, “I am a guarantor and surety.”
• In principle, the religious law revealed to those before us remains binding for us as well, provided our own law has not come with anything to the contrary.