• Sixth, the verse indicates that if a person forgets a testimony and then remembers it—or is reminded of it and subsequently recalls it—his testimony remains valid.
• Seventh, it teaches that one may testify only to what he knows with certainty; if he is in doubt, it is unlawful for him to bear witness.
• Eighth, the passage lays bare the profound wisdom behind these divine directives for safeguarding transactions: they set people’s dealings aright, ensure that they proceed upon equity, cut off disputes and quarrels, clear liabilities, and restrain the wrongdoer from his wrongdoing. For this reason Allah says, “That is more just in the sight of Allah, firmer as testimony, and likelier to prevent you from doubting” (Qur’an 2:282).
How many great benefits have come about through the written instruments to which Allah has guided, and how many evils and harms have been averted by them! Glorified is He who has made His law a means of rectitude for His servants’ religious and worldly affairs.
• Ninth, the verse shows that in spot transactions conducted hand-to-hand there is no objection to foregoing written documentation, for the immediate exchange usually suffices and writing every such deal would be overly burdensome. Testimony, however, should not be neglected, especially in matters of importance.
• Tenth, concerning His words, “Let no scribe or witness be harmed” (Qur’an 2:282), the verb may be read either in the active or the passive voice, and the sense embraces both readings:
– The scribe and the witness are obliged to be just in what they write and in what they attest. They may not lean toward either party for personal motives, harm them by charging an unlawful fee for their testimony, or delay the writing or the testimony in a way that injures both parties—or either of them.
– Likewise, the two contracting parties may not harm the scribe or the witness by imposing on them what they cannot bear or by subjecting them to any hardship. The witness and the scribe are doing them a favor and deserve gratitude; harming them is incompatible with that.