It is also disliked for a man, when not in a state of iḥrām, to wear a garment dyed with safflower (1) or with saffron.
Among the conditions of the prayer is to avoid any impurity for which no legal concession exists. Whoever carries such an impurity—or comes into contact with it (2) on his body or clothing—his prayer is invalid. If, however, he spreads a layer of clay (3) over filthy ground, or covers it with a thick, clean mat, the prayer is valid but disliked. Likewise, it is valid to pray on a clean area whose edge is soiled, provided that no filth clings to him and trails along as he walks.
If, after finishing the prayer, a person discovers an impurity on himself and knows it had been there during the prayer but he had forgotten about it, he must repeat the prayer; otherwise, he does not.
If a bone has been set, or a wound stitched, with an impure substance, removal is not required if doing so would cause harm.
Whatever limb or tooth falls from a person remains pure.
The prayer is not valid in a cemetery, a public bath, a camel pen, a privy, a slaughterhouse, a garbage dump, the open roadway and its rooftops, or on land that has been usurped; it is likewise disliked to face these places while praying elsewhere.
An obligatory prayer is also invalid inside the Kaʿbah, on its roof, or in the Hijr that forms part of it, whereas performing a supererogatory prayer in either location is recommended.
Another condition is facing the qiblah. The prayer is invalid without it except for one who is unable to do so, or for a traveller performing a voluntary prayer. Such a person should begin the prayer facing the qiblah so long as that is not difficult, and, if walking, should bow and prostrate in that direction as well.
One who is close to the Kaʿbah must align himself precisely with it, whereas someone farther away suffices with facing its general direction.
To determine the qiblah one may rely on information that engenders certainty, on a mihrab constructed by Muslims, or—when travelling—on the Pole Star and similar indicators.