to his own body, a fellow traveller, or a protected animal (1), he performs tayammum.

Whoever finds water sufficient for only part of the required purification must use that water first and then perform tayammum.

A wounded person washes the sound parts of his body and performs tayammum for the areas that would be harmed by water, observing the proper order and continuity when the impurity is minor.

It is obligatory to search for water in one’s baggage and nearby area, to ask one’s companions for it (2), and to seek directions to it, provided this entails no harm beforehand (3).

If he forgets that he is able to obtain water and performs tayammum (4), he must repeat the purification.

One performs tayammum for every act that invalidates ritual purity, and for a bodily impurity whose removal would cause harm—even in settled areas—or when, after reducing it as much as possible, nothing with which to remove it can be found; in such cases no repetition is required.

If both water and clean earth are unavailable, he performs only the obligatory prayer according to his circumstances, adds nothing beyond what suffices, and does not repeat it.

Tayammum is valid only with pure, permissible earth (5) that has dust and has not been altered by any other pure substance, even if the dust is taken from felt (6) and the like.