It is unlawful for the judge to issue a ruling while he is overtaken by intense anger, or while he needs to relieve himself (1), or in any similar state. Should he nevertheless judge, the verdict is effective as long as he rules correctly. It is likewise forbidden for him to accept a bribe, or even a gift—except from someone who used to exchange gifts with him before his appointment, provided no litigation is pending with that person.

It is recommended that he pronounce judgment in the presence of two witnesses. A ruling of his is not valid in a case where he himself is a party, nor in favor of anyone for whom his own testimony would be inadmissible. If someone brings a claim against a woman who does not appear publicly, she is instructed to appoint an agent; if she must take an oath, he sends someone to administer it to her, and the same applies to a sick person.

Chapter: The Procedure and Manner of Judgment

When both litigants appear before him, he seats them and allows the one who filed the claim to speak first. If the defendant admits the claim, judgment is issued at the claimant’s request. If he denies it, the judge says to the claimant, “If you have evidence, present it if you wish.” If he produces it (2), the judge hears it without harassment or repetition, rules in his favor on its basis, and does not judge by his personal knowledge.

If the claimant says, “I have no evidence,” the judge informs him that he may demand an oath from his opponent. If he requests the oath, the judge administers it according to the defendant’s statement and then dismisses him. If the defendant refuses, the judge tells him, “Either swear, or I shall rule against you for refusing.” Should he still refuse, the judge rules against him.

If the claimant later produces evidence after the defendant has sworn, the judge rules on the basis of that evidence—unless the claimant had earlier said, “I have no evidence,” or words to that effect; this is different from his saying, “I am not aware of any evidence for me.” (3)