Umdat at-TalibAl-Buhuti

The one who misappropriates booty (ghāl) (1) has his baggage burned, except for his weapons, any copy of the Qur’an, and anything that possesses life.

Concerning conquered land, the Imam may—according to his considered judgment (2)—either divide it among the troops or keep it as a communal endowment while levying an annual kharāj (land tax) on whoever holds it. Such land passes to the heirs, and anyone unable to cultivate the portion in his possession must surrender it.

Whatever is taken from the wealth of unbelievers (3) without actual fighting—such as jizya, kharāj, the ten-percent trade levy or half that amount, and whatever they abandon in panic—is fayʾ and is to be spent on the Muslims’ public interests in order of priority.

Chapter on the Pact of Protection (ʿAqd al-Dhimmā) (4)

The Imam, or his deputy, may conclude it with Jews, Christians, and Magians provided that they (5) pay the jizya and commit themselves to abide by our rulings (6).

No jizya is taken from a minor, a woman, a slave, or (7) anyone who lacks the means to pay it; once a person becomes liable, it is collected from him.

The payment is collected at the end of each lunar year. If they offer what is due, it must be accepted and fighting them becomes unlawful. At the time of collection they are to be humbled: they are kept standing for an extended period and their hands are pulled.

(1) Al-ghal stems from al-ghulul and means taking a share of the war booty before it has been officially distributed. (2) In other words, the amount of kharaj (land tax) is fixed by the discretionary judgment of the ruler or his deputy. (3) Copies A, B and C read “kafir,” but the wording here follows the base manuscript. (4) A dhimma contract allows certain non-Muslims to remain in their faith in return for paying the jizya and abiding by the laws of the Islamic community. (5) Copy B reads in. (6) Copy C reads ahkamiha (its rulings). (7) The preposition ‘ala appears in the base manuscript but is absent from the other copies.
والغَالُّ (١) يُحرق رَحْله، إلا السلاح والمصحف وما فيه روح. وُيخَيَّرُ إمامٌ في أرضٍ بين قَسمٍ ووقفٍ مع ضَرْب خراجٍ يُؤخذ كل عام ممن هي بيده باجتهاده (٢) ، ويجري فيها الميراث، ومن عَجَزَ عن عمارة ما بيده منها رفع يده عنه. وما أُخذ من مال كفّارٍ (٣) بغير قتالٍ، كجزيةٍ وخراجٍ وعُشر تجارَة ونصفه وَمَا ترَكُوه فزعًا ففيءٌ يُصرف في مَصَالح المسلمين الأهم فالأهم. بابُ عَقْدِ الذِّمَّة (٤) يَعْقدها الإمامُ أو نائِبُه لأهلِ الكِتَابين والمَجُوس إذا (٥) بذلوا الجِزْيَة والتزمُوا أحكامنا (٦) . ولا جِزْيةَ على صبيٍ، ولا امرأةٍ، ولا عبدٍ، ولا على (٧) مَن يَعجز عنها، ومَنْ صَار أهلًا لها أُخِذَت منه. وتُؤخَذ آخر الحَوْل، وإن بذلوا مَا عَلَيْهم وَجبَ قَبُولُه وحَرُم قتالهم ويُمتَهَنُون عند أَخْذهَا ويُطال قيامُهم وتُجَرُّ أيديهم.
(١) الغال من الغلول، وهو الأخذ من الغنيمة قبل أن تُقسم. (٢) أي: إن تقدير الخراج يكون باجتهاد الحاكم أو نائبه. (٣) في (أ) و (ب) و (ج): "كافرٍ"، والمُثبت من (الأصل). (٤) عقد الذمة: إقرار بعض الكفار على كفرهم مقابل جزية، والتزامه أحكام الملة. (٥) في (ب): "إن". (٦) في (ج): "أحكامها". (٧) قوله: "على" من (الأصل) وليس في بقية النسخ.

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