Umdat at-Talib - Al-Buhuti - (1/129)

Book of Jihād

Jihād is a communal obligation (farḍ kifāyah); it becomes individually binding when one is actually present in battle, when his town is besieged, or when a person vested with authority summons him to march (1). Guarding the frontier (ribāṭ) is recommended (2), and its full term is forty days. Anyone whose parents are both Muslims may not volunteer for jihād without their permission.

The commander inspects his army at the time of departure, excluding anyone who spreads defeatism, alarm, or the like (3). The troops are required to obey him and remain steadfast with him, and it is not permissible to set out on a campaign without his leave—unless an enemy takes them by surprise and they fear his onslaught (4).

Spoils of War (Ghanīmah), Fayʾ, and Their Rulings

Booty becomes owned as soon as it is seized, even while still in enemy territory. It belongs to all combatants who were present at the engagement and is first subjected to the one-fifth division (khums) (5). That fifth is allocated as follows: one share for public interests, one for the Prophet’s relatives, one for orphans, one for the poor, and one for wayfarers. The remainder of the booty is then distributed among the main army and its detachments after any discretionary rewards (nafl) have been set aside: the foot-soldier receives one share, and the cavalryman receives three.

(1) That is, the imam or his deputy. (2) Ribat: remaining stationed at a frontier for jihad, even if only for a short time. (3) The phrase “and the like” does not appear in manuscript B. (4) Kalabahu: i.e., his malice and harm. (5) “He deducts one-fifth”: the imam or his deputy sets aside the statutory fifth after handing the slayer his personal spoils; the author will later explain how this fifth is to be distributed.

كتابُ [الجهاد] الجهادُ فرضُ كِفَايةٍ؛ ويَجبُ إذا حَضَرَه، أو حُصِرَ بَلَدُهُ، أو اسْتَنفره مَنْ له اسْتِنفاره (١) ، وسُنَّ رِبَاطٌ (٢) ، وتمامه أربعون يومًا. ومَنْ أبواه مسلمان لا يتطوَّع بجهادٍ إلا بإذنهما. ويتفقدُ إمامٌ جيشه عند مَسِير، ويمنع مُخَذِّلًا ومُرجفًا ونحوه (٣) ، ويلزمُ الجيشَ طاعتُه والصبر معه، ولا يجوز الغزو بلا إذنه إلا أن يَفْجَأَهُم عدوٌّ ويخافون كَلَبَه (٤) . [الغَنِيمَةُ والفَيْءُ وأحكامهما] وتُملك غنيمَةٌ باستيلاءٍ ولو بدارِ حربٍ، وهي لمن شَهِدَ الوَقْعَةَ من أهل القتال فتُخَمَّسُ (٥) ، ثم الخمسُ: سَهمٌ للمَصالح، وسَهمٌ لذَوِي القُرْبى، وسَهمٌ لليتامى، وسَهمٌ للمساكين، وسَهمٌ لأبناء السَّبِيل، ثم يقسَمُ باقي الغنيمة بين الجيش وسراياه بعد النَّفْل: للرَّاجل سهمٌ وللفارس ثلاثة.

(١) وهو الإمام أو نائبه. (٢) الرباط: لزومُ ثغرٍ لجهادٍ ولو ساعة. (٣) قوله: "ونحوه" ليس في (ب). (٤) كَلَبَه: أي شرّه وأذاه. (٥) فتخمس: أي يُخرج الإمامُ أو نائبُه الخُمسَ بعد دفع سلبِ لقاتل، وسيأتي مصرف الخمس في كلام المصنف.