his urethra (1); nor is it invalidated if he rises with food in his mouth and spits it out, or if, while performing a ritual bath, rinsing his mouth, or sniffing water into his nose, water reaches his throat—even when he is excessive or exceeds three rinses.

If a person eats or the like while uncertain whether dawn has broken, his fast is sound; not so when the doubt concerns sunset. If he is convinced it is still night and later discovers it was day, he must make up that fast.

Section

Whoever has sexual intercourse during the daytime of Ramadan—even on a day when he is obliged to abstain—or engages in anal intercourse (2) must both make up the day and offer expiation. If the act stops short of penetration yet he ejaculates, or the woman has an excusable reason (3), only the make-up fast is required, just as for a traveler who has intercourse while fasting.

If he has intercourse on two separate days, two expiations are due; if he repeats it within the same day, a single expiation suffices provided he has not yet atoned for the first act. Should he have intercourse and then fall ill, lose sanity, travel, or the like, the expiation is not waived. No expiation is due for anything other than intercourse during the daytime of Ramadan.

The expiation is as follows: emancipating a believing slave (4). If that is not possible, then fasting two consecutive months; if unable, feeding sixty needy persons. Should he be incapable of even that, the obligation is lifted.