and that (1) the outward rites—namely, establishing (2) the prayer, paying the zakat, and meeting the obligatory expenditures;
and that (3) the inward acts of the heart (4), which constitute its very reality (5): such as patience and keeping one’s covenants.
Thus, these qualities embrace every branch of the religion: its inner truths and its outward ordinances, the deeds carried out by the limbs and those rooted in the heart (6), together with the five foundations of faith.
Then the Almighty stated that these (7) are none other than the very traits of taqwā, saying: “Such are the ones who are truthful, and such are the God-fearing.” ⦗177⦘
As for taqwā, its essence is to act in obedience to Allah with faith and hopeful expectation—regarding both commands and prohibitions (8): a person performs what Allah has enjoined out of faith in the command and trust in His promise (9), and refrains from what Allah has forbidden out of faith in the prohibition and fear of His threat.
As Ṭalq ibn Ḥabīb said, “When turmoil arises, repel it (10) with taqwā,”