Jawab fi al-Iman wa NawaqidihAbd al-Rahman ibn Nasir al-Barrak

The matters that contradict tawhīd may be summarized as follows:

1 - Denying Allah’s existence. This is the worst form of disbelief and atheism, and it contradicts tawhīd in its entirety. This includes professing the doctrine of “the unity of existence” (1).

2 - Believing that alongside Allah there is a creator, governor, and causal agent who acts and governs independently of Allah. This is associating partners with Allah in His lordship.

3 - Believing that Allah has an equal in any of His attributes of perfection, such as His knowledge or power.

4 - Likening Him, Most High, to His creation in His essence, attributes, or actions, as when someone who likens Him to His creation says: “His hearing is like my hearing, and His sight is like my sight.”

This also includes attributing imperfections to Him, such as poverty, miserliness, and inability, or ascribing a consort or offspring to Him.

(1) Wahdat al-wujūd (the unity of existence) is a Sufi philosophical doctrine that identifies the Creator’s existence with the very existence of created beings. Thus, whatever qualities created beings possess, whether good or bad, are, according to its adherents, attributes of the Creator Himself. In their view, the Creator has no existence distinct and separate from that of created beings. See Majmūʿ al-Fatāwā, 2:124; al-Risāla al-Safadiyya, p. 262; al-Radd ʿalā al-Shādhilī, p. 106; and Sharh al-ʿAqīda al-Tadmuriyya, p. 591. For an extensive refutation of this doctrine, read Bughyat al-Murtād and the second volume of Majmūʿ al-Fatāwā.
وجملة ما يناقض التوحيد أمورٌ: ١ - جَحْدُ وجود الله، وهذا شرُّ الكفر والإلحاد، وهو مناقضٌ للتوحيد جملة، ومنه: القول بـ: «وَحدة الوجود» (١). ٢ - اعتقادُ أنَّ مع الله خالقًا ومدبرًا ومؤثرًا مستقلًا عن الله في التأثير والتدبير، وهذا هو الشرك في الربوبية. ٣ - اعتقادُ أنَّ لله مِثْلًا في شيء من صفاتِ كمالِه؛ كـ: علمِه، وقدرتِه. ٤ - تشبيهُه تعالى بخلقه في ذاته أو صفاته أو أفعاله، كقول المشبِّه: له سَمْعٌ كسمعي، وبصر كبصري. ويدخل في ذلك: وَصْفُه بالنقائص؛ كـ: الفقرِ، والبخل، والعجز، ونِسبةِ الصاحبةِ والولد إليه.
(١) «وَحدة الوجود» قول صوفي فلسفي يجعل وجودَ الخالقِ= نَفْسَ وجودِ المخلوقات؛ فكلُّ ما تتصف به المخلوقات من حسن وقبح؛ إنما المتصف به عندهم: نَفْس الخالق، وليس للخالق عندهم وجود مباين لوجود المخلوقات منفصل عنها. انظر: «مجموع الفتاوى» ٢/ ١٢٤، و «الرسالة الصفدية» ص ٢٦٢، و «الرد على الشاذلي» ص ١٠٦، و «شرح العقيدة التدمرية» ص ٥٩١، واقرأ للرد على هذا المذهب بتوسع: «بغية المرتاد» والمجلد الثاني من «مجموع الفتاوى».

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