disbelief mentioned above. Whenever a Muslim falls into any one of these six types, he nullifies his affirmation and becomes an apostate.

Second: whatever contradicts the essence of the two testimonies—the testimony that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah, or the testimony that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah:

• The essence of the testimony that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah is to reject false gods and believe in Allah. This encompasses all three categories of tawhīd:
• Allah’s oneness in His lordship, His exclusive right to worship, and His oneness in His names and attributes.

This entails believing that:

• He, Most High, is the Lord and Sovereign of all things; whatever He wills happens, and whatever He does not will does not happen.
• He is the true God, and none but Him deserves worship.
• He possesses every perfection and is free from every imperfection. He is as He has described Himself and as His Messenger (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) has described Him, without denying His attributes or likening Him to His creation, in accordance with His words, Most High: “There is nothing like Him, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing” [al-Shūrā: 11].
• Along with this, it entails devoting worship to Him alone and disavowing everything worshipped besides Him.