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As for the tongue’s profession, its opposites are:
- denial and turning away. Whoever believes in his heart but denies with his tongue = his disbelief is disbelief through repudiation; whoever affirms with his tongue but not in his heart = his disbelief is disbelief through hypocrisy.
This yields six types of disbelief, all of which oppose that through which the foundation of Islam is established. These types are:
1 - Disbelief through denial.
2 - Disbelief through doubt.
3 - Disbelief through turning away.
4 - Disbelief through refusal.
5 - Disbelief through repudiation.
6 - Disbelief through hypocrisy.
- Disbelief through refusal and arrogance includes refusing to follow the Messenger (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) and respond to his call, even while affirming his truthfulness in one’s heart and with one’s tongue. An example is the disbelief of Abū Tālib (1),
(1) He would speak of the Prophet’s truthfulness and prophethood (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). Among his verses are:
“Do you not know that we found Muhammad
To be a prophet like Moses, recorded in the earliest scriptures?” =
And in his ode rhyming in lām:
“By Allah, were it not that I would bring disgrace
Upon our elders in their assemblies,
We would have followed him through every circumstance
Of life, in earnest—not in jest.
They certainly know that our son is not considered a liar
Among us, nor does he concern himself with falsehoods.”
See Sīrat Ibn Ishāq, p. 138; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, 1:311.
وأما النطقُ باللسان؛ فضدُّه:
- التكذيبُ، والإعراضُ، فمَن صدَّق بقلبِه وكذَّب بلسانِه= فكفرُه كفرُ جحود، ومَن أقرَّ بلسانِه دونَ قلبِه= فكفرُه كفرُ نفاق.
فنتج عن هذا: ستةُ أنواعٍ من الكفر، كلُّها ضد ما يتحقق به أصل الإسلام، وهذه الأنواع هي:
١ - كفر التكذيب.
٢ - كفر الشك.
٣ - كفر الإعراض.
٤ - كفر الإباء.
٥ - كفر الجحود.
٦ - كفر النفاق.
- ومِن كفر الإباءِ والاستكبار: الامتناعُ عن متابعة الرسول ﷺ والاستجابة لما يدعو إليه، ولو مع التصديق بالقلب واللسان، وذلك كـ: كُفرِ أبي طالب (١)،
(١) فقد كان يَذكر صِدق النبي ﷺ ونبوته، ومن ذلك قوله في شعره:
ألم تعلموا أنَّا وجدنا محمدًا ... نبيًا كموسى خُطَّ في أوَّل الكُتْب =
وقوله في قصيدته اللامية: ... فواللهِ لولا أنْ أجيءَ بسُبَّةٍ ... تُجَرُّ على أشياخنا في المحافلِ
لكُنَّا اتَّبَعْنَاهُ على كلِّ حالَةٍ ... مِنَ الدهرِ جِدًّا غيرَ قولِ التهازلِ
لقد عَلِمُوا أَنَّ ابنَنا لا مُكذَّبٌ ... لدينا ولا يُعْنَى بقوْلِ الأَبَاطِلِ.
انظر: «سيرة ابن إسحاق» ص ١٣٨، و «السيرة النبوية» لابن هشام ١/ ٣١١.