the true sense and possesses the foundation of faith; for there is no Islam without faith, and no faith without Islam.

This affirmation, through which “Islam” is truly established, encompasses three things:

• the heart’s belief,
• its submission,
• and the tongue’s profession.

Through the heart’s submission and the tongue’s profession = affirmation is realized outwardly and inwardly. This entails what scholars call “commitment to the laws of Islam”: belief in the Messenger ﷺ and what he brought, and the heart’s firm resolve to obey him. Whoever lacks this commitment = has not truly affirmed Islam.

As for the heart’s belief, its opposites are:

• denial, doubt, and turning away.

As for the heart’s submission, it includes:

• responsiveness, love, contentment, and acceptance.

Their opposites are:

• refusal, arrogance, and hatred of what the Messenger ﷺ brought.