than the first, yet he may at times overlook the aspect of worship itself and the deliberate turning to it as an act of devotion.
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He means by the deed nothing but obedience, whether he understands the underlying benefit or not. This is both more perfect and safer.
As to its being more perfect: he has set himself up as a servant who answers and obeys, taking into account nothing but the bare command.
As to its being safer: the one who acts out of obedience acts in the very spirit of servitude. Should an intention other than God intrude, the intention of worship repels it. By contrast, when a person acts for the sake of procuring benefits, he sees himself as an intermediary between the servants and their interests; and once he considers himself an intermediary, a suspicion of sharing in God’s authority may insinuate itself into his heart.
Moreover, the personal share he receives here is praiseworthy, yet acting for that share opens the door to inner motives, whereas acting to eliminate it is the path to freedom from them.
No one has the right to waive God’s due in his own person, his wealth, or his actions:
Everything that is a right of God lies beyond the discretion of the legally accountable person; he has no authority to set it aside. This includes purification, prayer, zakat, and so forth, together with the expiations, commercial dealings, food, clothing, and all other acts of worship and customary practices in which a right of God has been established. The same holds true for every offence: God’s right in them can never be relinquished. If someone were to hope to dispense with purification, he would remain obliged until he performed it. If he deemed lawful the eating of what the Lawgiver has forbidden, or marriage without a guardian, or usury, or a corrupt sale, or the suspension of the hadd for fornication, or for highway robbery and the like, none of that would be valid.
When a ruling involves both God’s right and the servant’s right, the servant may not waive his own right if doing so would entail waiving God’s right. For example, the servant’s right extends to his very life, the soundness of his body and mind, and the retention of his wealth. Should he renounce that by empowering another to take hold of it