Customary practices whose benefit is devotional: delegation is permissible.
The requirements laid down by the Law are of two kinds.
- The first concerns ordinary, customary activities through which people earn their livelihood and conduct all manner of worldly dealings—avenues to immediate gain, such as the various forms of contracts and the diverse kinds of financial transactions. In these, acting by proxy is valid: one person may stand in for another to secure benefits for him or to repel harm from him through assistance, agency, and the like. The reason is that the benefit the legally responsible person seeks in all such matters can just as readily be brought about by someone else. Thus buying and selling, receiving and giving, and similar transactions allow for deputization—so long as the act was not instituted for a purpose that, by custom or by law, is confined to the individual himself, such as eating, dressing, and other everyday activities, or marriage and its attendant forms of enjoyment, none of which accepts legal deputization. This is self-evident, for their purpose does not extend beyond the person who performs them.
In short: whenever the rationale behind a customary act is limited to the person himself, no proxy is permitted; otherwise, proxy is valid.
- The second category comprises the prescribed acts of worship. In these, no one may act on behalf of anyone else; another person cannot discharge the duty for him, and the agent’s intention cannot be transferred to the principal. The deed of one worshipper avails no one but himself.
Several considerations substantiate this claim.
First: the textual evidence. God, exalted is He, says, “No burdened soul shall bear the burden of another” (Q 35:18); “That man shall have nothing but what he strives for” (Q 53:39); and “Whoever purifies himself, purifies himself only for the good of his own soul” (Q 35:18).
Second: the underlying rationale. The purpose of worship is to humble oneself before God, to turn solely to Him, and to submit to His command, so that the servant, with both heart and limbs, is present with God, vigilant and never heedless of Him. Deputization conflicts with that very purpose.