Tawḍīḥ al-Aḥkām - Abd Allah al-Bassam - (2/315)

Tawḍīḥ al-AḥkāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

the relaxation and heaviness that reaches the heart, causing consciousness to fade. Drowsiness and sleep befall only a created being who is deficient, beset by weakness and incapacity, and therefore in need of rest and recovery. The One possessed of perfect power and complete self-subsistence is untouched by either.
“To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth”: all are His servants and every thing is His possession; none can step outside that reality.
“Who is it that can intercede with Him except by His permission?” From the fullness of His dominion, the grandeur of His sovereignty, and the majesty of His command, no creature dares intercede for anyone unless He has given leave and is pleased with both the intercessor and the one for whom intercession is sought. Every honoured being, every intercessor among His servants, acts only by His leave: “Say, ‘Intercession rests entirely with Allah.’”
“He knows what lies before them and what is behind them”: His boundless, all-encompassing knowledge—His complete awareness of the affairs of His creatures, their past, present, and future—renders mediators or intercessors unnecessary, except in a case He approves; then He grants permission as an honour to the intercessor and a mercy to the one on whose behalf he pleads.
“and they grasp nothing of His knowledge except what He wills”: none of His higher or lower creation can encompass even a small portion of Allah’s knowledge unless His wisdom dictates revealing to them something useful for their worldly life or their Hereafter, whether in matters of revelation or matters of decree. That share is vanishingly small beside Allah’s vast, all-embracing knowledge. Thus the angels declared, “Glory be to You! We have no knowledge save what You have taught us” (2:32), and the messengers will say on the Day of Resurrection, “We have no knowledge; You alone are the Knower of the unseen” (5:109).
“His Throne (kursī) extends over the heavens and the earth”—a sign of His expansive dominion, His magnificent majesty, His flawless authority, His all-encompassing control, His perfect power, and His irresistible will.

الاسترخاء والثقل، الذي يصل إلى القلب فيزول معه الذهن، فالسِّنة والنوم إنما يعرضان للمخلوق الناقص، الذي يعتريه الضعف والعجز، ويحتاج للراحة والاستجمام، أما صاحب القوة الكاملة والقيومية التامة فلا يعرضان له. ﴿لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ﴾: فالكل عبيده، والجميع ملكه، لا يخرج أحدٌ منهم عن ذلك. ﴿مَنْ ذَا الَّذِي يَشْفَعُ عِنْدَهُ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ﴾: فمن تمام ملكه، ومن عظمة سلطانه، ومن جلال أمره-: أنه لا يتجرأ أيُّ مخلوق على أن يشفع لأحد، إلاَّ بإذنه ورضاه عن الشافع والمشفع فيه، وإذن منه في الشفاعة، فكل وجيه، وشفيع من عبيده لا يشفع إلاَّ بإذنه؛ ﴿قُلْ لِلَّهِ الشَّفَاعَةُ جَمِيعًا﴾. ﴿يَعْلَمُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمَا خَلْفَهُمْ﴾ فعلمه المحيط الواسع، واطلاعه على شؤون خلقه، وعلمه بماضيهم، وحاضرهم، ومستقبلهم -لا يحتاج معه إلى الوسطاء والشفعاء في أمر خلقه، إلاَّ في حالة هو يرضاها، فيأذن فيها إكرامًا للشافع، ورحمة للمشفوع له. ﴿وَلَا يُحِيطُونَ بِشَيْءٍ مِنْ عِلْمِهِ إِلَّا بِمَا شَاءَ﴾ أما خلقه العلوي والسفلي فلا يحيطون بقليل، أو بكثير من علم الله تعالى، معلوماته، إلاَّ أن تقتضي حكمته تعالى إطلاعهم على شيء مما ينفعهم من معاشهم ومعادهم، من الأمور الشرعية والأمور القدرية، وهي نسبة ضئيلة قليلة في جانب علم الله الواسع، وإحاطته الشاملة؛ ولذا قالت الملائكة: ﴿قَالُوا سُبْحَانَكَ لَا عِلْمَ لَنَا إِلَّا مَا عَلَّمْتَنَا﴾ [البقرة: ٣٢]، وتقول الرسل يوم القيامة: ﴿لَا عِلْمَ لَنَا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ عَلَّامُ الْغُيُوبِ (١٠٩)﴾ [المائدة]. ﴿وَسِعَ كُرْسِيُّهُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ﴾ مما يدل على ملكه الواسع، وجلاله العظيم، وسلطانه القويم، وإحاطته الكاملة، وقدرته التامة، وإرادته