Tawḍīḥ al-Aḥkām - Abd Allah al-Bassam - (2/271)

Tawḍīḥ al-AḥkāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

– as-Ṣāliḥīn (the righteous): those who fulfill the rights owed to Allah and the rights owed to His creatures; their ranks are not all the same.

Lessons derived from the ḥadith
1 – This remembrance is called the Tashahhud, a name taken from the two declarations of faith contained in it, for they are its principal element.
2 – In a prayer of two rakʿahs (units of ritual prayer) it is recited once, whereas in prayers of three or four rakʿahs it is recited twice: the first after the second rakʿah, and the final one, which is followed by the concluding taslīm (salutation of peace). Further details will come shortly.
3 – The first Tashahhud is obligatory according to the Ḥanafis and Ḥanbalis, and recommended according to the other schools; the particulars of this difference will be discussed below.
4 – The wording of the Tashahhud has reached us from the Prophet ﷺ through twenty-four Companions in various forms, all of which are permissible. Shaykh al-Islām said, “All of them are acceptable by unanimous agreement of the Muslims, and the basic principle of Imām Aḥmad is to approve anything that is authentically traced back to him ﷺ. Even so, the scholars hold that the most firmly established version is the Tashahhud of Ibn Masʿūd, which is the one cited in this chapter.”
5 – Al-Bazzār said, “The soundest ḥadith I know concerning the Tashahhud is the ḥadith of Ibn Masʿūd. It is transmitted from him ﷺ by a little over twenty chains, and nothing reported from the Prophet ﷺ on this subject is better authenticated, has a stronger isnād, more reliable transmitters, or is more abundantly corroborated through its numerous routes.” Muslim said, “People have agreed upon the Tashahhud of Ibn Masʿūd because his students do not differ on it, whereas the other versions exhibit discrepancies among their transmitters.” Adh-Dhuhlī said, “It is the most authentic report on the Tashahhud.” Al-Tirmidhī stated, “Most scholars among the Companions and their Followers act in accordance with it.” Muslim also declared, “The people are unanimous regarding it.”

- الصالحين: هم القائمون بحقوق الله وحقوق خلقه، ودرجاتهم متفاوتة. * ما يؤخذ من الحديث: ١ - هذا الذكر يسمى "التشهد" مأخوذٌ من لفظ الشهادتين فيه، فهما أهم ما فيه. ٢ - يقال هذا التشهد في الصلاة الثنائية مرَّة واحدةً، أما الصلاة الثلاثية والرباعية ففيها تشهدان: الأول: بعد الركعة الثانية. والأخير: الذي يعقبه السلام، وسيأتي قريبًا. ٣ - التشهد الأول: واجب عند الحنفية والحنابلة، مستحب عند غيرهم، وسيأتي تفصيل الخلاف فيه. ٤ - التشهد ورد عن النبي ﷺ عن أربعة وعشرين صحابيًّا بألفاظ مختلفة، وكلها جائزة. قال شيخ الإسلام: كلها سائغة باتِّفاق المسلمين، وأصل الإمام أحمد استحسان كل ما يثبت عنه ﷺ، ومع هذا فقد قال العلماء: أثبتُها تشهد ابن مسعود، وهو الوارد في هذا الباب. ٥ - قال البزار: أصح حديث عندي في التشهد حديث ابن مسعود، يروى عنه ﷺ بنيف وعشرين طريْقًا، ولا يعلم فيما روي عن النبي ﷺ في التشهد أثبت منه، ولا أصح إسنادًا، ولا أثبت رجالاً، ولا أشد تضافرًا بكثرة الأسانيد والطرق. وقال مسلم: إنَّما أجمع الناس على تشهد ابن مسعود؛ لأنَّ أصحابه لا يخالف بعضهم بعضًا، وغيره قد اختلف فيه عن أصحابه. وقال الذهلي: هو أصح ما روي في التشهد. وقال الترمذي: العمل عليه عند أكثر أهل العلم من الصحابة والتابعين. وقال مسلم: اتَّفق عليه الناس.