Tawḍīḥ al-AḥkāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

or forbid what is lawful; in that case the condition is null and void—even if there were a hundred such stipulations—for the condition laid down by Allah is the most binding. Countless examples can be cited of both permissible and impermissible stipulations.

The proof for the soundness of the permissible ones is Allah’s command to honour them and His prohibition of betraying them. The Exalted says, “O you who believe, fulfil [all] contracts” (Q. 5:1), and similar texts convey the same meaning.

Twenty-second Maxim: The basic rule concerning acts of worship is prohibition; nothing is legislated except what Allah and His Messenger have legislated.

Meaning: Acts of worship are dictated solely by revelation. Whoever performs a devotional act for which there is no evidence in the Book of Allah or the Sunnah of His Messenger ﷺ has introduced an innovation (bidʿah) that is to be rejected.

Innovation is of two kinds:

  1. Genuine innovation: one that has absolutely no basis in the Book of Allah or the Sunnah, such as performing a prayer consisting of two bowings and a single prostration.
  2. Additive (relative) innovation, and this is the more common. Such an act has two strands:
    a. A strand connected to the Sharīʿah, such as the underlying legitimacy of prayer or remembrance.
    b. A strand disconnected from the Sharīʿah, namely carrying out the act in a form or manner for which no evidence exists—for example, Salāt al-Raghāʾib or pronouncing the adhān for the Eid prayer.

Both kinds are rejected. Among the proofs for their rejection is His statement, “Do they have partners who have instituted for them a religion that Allah has not authorized?” (Q. 42:21), and the hadith recorded in the two Ṣaḥīḥs from ʿĀʾishah in which the Prophet ﷺ said, “Whoever innovates something in this affair of ours that is not part of it, it is rejected”—that is, thrown back upon its doer.

Twenty-third Maxim: The basic rule concerning customary practices is permissibility; nothing of them is to be prohibited except what Allah and His Messenger have prohibited.

Customary practices include making use of what Allah has created for His servants—food, drink, means of transport

أو حرَّمت حلالًا؛ فحينئذٍ تكون باطلة، وإن كانت مائةَ شرطُ، فشرط الله أوثَقُ. وأمثلة الشروط الجائزة والممنوعة كثيرة. والدليل على صحة تلك الشروط: أَمْرُ الله تعالى بالوفاء، وتحريمُ الإخلالِ بها قال تعالى: ﴿يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَوْفُوا بِالْعُقُودِ﴾ [المائدة: ١]، وأمثالها من النصوص. القاعدة الثانية والعشرون: (الأصل في العبادات الحظر، فلا يُشْرَعُ منها إلاَّ ما شرعه الله ورسوله): المعنى: أن العبادات توقيفية، فمن أتى بعبادة لم يدلّ عليها كتاب الله ولا سنة رسوله ﷺ فهي بدعة مردودة. والبدعة نوعان: أحدهما: بدعةُ حقيقيَّة، وهي التي لا يوجد لها أصل في كتاب الله ولا سنَّة رسول الله كصلاة بركوعين وسجود واحد. الثاني: إضافية، وهي الغالب في البدع، وذلك بأن يكون للعمل شائبتان: إحدهما: له تعلق بالشرع كأصل الصلاة والذكر. الثانية: أن لا يكون له تعلق بالشرع، وذلك بأن توقع على هيئة أو كيفية لم يقم عليها دليل، وذلك مثل صلاة الرغائب أو الأذان لصلاة العيد. وكل من النوعين مردود، ومن أدلة ردّها قوله تعالى: ﴿أَمْ لَهُمْ شُرَكَاءُ شَرَعُوا لَهُمْ مِنَ الدِّينِ مَا لَمْ يَأْذَنْ بِهِ اللَّهُ﴾ [الشورى: ٢١]. وما جاء في الصحيحين من حديث عائشة أن النبي ﷺ قال: "من عمل عملاً ليس عليه أمرنا فهو رد" أي مردود على صاحبه. القاعدة الثالثة والعشرون: (الأصل في العادات الإباحة؛ فلا يُمْنَعُ منها إلاَّ ما حرَّمه الله ورسوله): العادات هي استعمال ما خلقه الله لعباده من المآكل والمشارب والمراكب

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