human beings as well—a usage that is both common and acceptable—for Allah, exalted is He, says, “the devils of humankind and jinn” (Q 6:112).
Points derived from the ḥadith:
1 – It is recommended to place a sutrah (a screen) in front of the one who is praying, whether the prayer is obligatory or supererogatory, and whether he is leading the prayer or praying on his own. As for the follower, the sutrah of the imam suffices for him, because al-Bukhari (2797) and Muslim (1841) narrate from Abū Hurayrah that the Prophet ﷺ said, “The imam is only a shield.”
Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr said: The scholars are unanimous that whatever passes in front of a follower does not harm his prayer.
Shaykh ʿUthmān ibn Qāʿid al-Najdī stated that the sutrah of the imam stands in place of the follower’s sutrah in the three rulings for which the sutrah is intended:
(a) The prayer is not invalidated if a black dog or the like passes in front.
(b) The follower is not recommended to repel anyone who walks in front of him.
(c) The passer-by incurs no sin for passing between the follower and his qiblah—this is the clear purport of the reports.
2 – If the worshipper has set up a sutrah in front of him to safeguard his prayer and has taken due care, then should anyone afterwards attempt to cross in front of him, he should push him back. If the person refuses, he may fight him, for he is but a devil. If, however, he has not placed a sutrah, he has no right to repel the passer-by, because the negligence lies with him for omitting it.
3 – It is permissible to fight the one who tries to pass between the worshipper and his sutrah, for he is an aggressor and a transgressor.
4 – The “fighting” here means preventing him from passing; if he persists, then actual combat is allowed. Al-Qurṭubī said: He should repel him with a gesture or gentle restraint; if he does not desist, he may push him more firmly than the first time. The scholars unanimously agree that he must not fight him with a weapon.
5 – Shaykh al-Mubārakfūrī said: The wisdom behind legislating the sutrah is that when the servant stands to pray, mercy faces him. This is supported by the report of Aḥmad (20823), Abū Dāwūd (945) and al-Tirmidhī (379) with a sound chain, from Abū Dharr, who said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: