among them. When the time for prayer arrived, he instructed the muʾadhdhin, who gave the adhān and then the iqāma; the Messenger of Allah ﷺ then moved forward on his mount and led them in prayer, signalling the movements with head-gestures, making the prostration lower than the bowing.

The prayer is also valid on a ship, even when one could disembark, provided the worshipper fulfils the necessary requirements of standing, facing the qibla, and so forth. Al-Dāraqutnī and al-Ḥākim relate from Ibn ʿUmar that he said: “The Prophet ﷺ was asked, ‘How should I pray on a ship?’ He replied, ‘Pray in it standing, unless you fear drowning.’”

Al-Ḥākim recorded the report and declared it sound, and al-Dhahabī concurred, though he remarked, “It is highly anomalous.” Al-Dāraqutnī also transmitted it and judged it weak.

9 – The same ruling applies to a moving steamer. Shaykh Siddīq Ḥasan said: As for fire-driven carriages—such as trains, automobiles, trams, and the like—the Shāfiʿīs assign them the ruling of a ship, whereas the Ḥanafīs treat them like a riding animal.

As for the airplane: the prayer performed in it is valid if one can meet the requisite conditions; otherwise it is not, unless he fears that the time for the prayer will expire while he is on board, in which case he should pray according to his ability.