and she began to menstruate at Sarif, a valley situated about eighteen kilometres from the Sacred Mosque on the Madinah–Mecca highway.

2 – Because she could not perform the circumambulation of ʿumrah and release herself from iḥrām due to her menses, she merged her ḥajj with her ʿumrah and thus became a qārinah (combining the two rites).

3 – A menstruating woman is permitted to carry out all the other rites of pilgrimage—standing at ʿArafah, spending the night in Muzdalifah, pelting the pillars, staying in Mina, and walking between Ṣafā and Marwah—provided she had already performed ṭawāf before her bleeding began. All these acts are valid from her, because ritual purity is not a condition for them; there is consensus on this point.

4 – By contrast, circumambulation is forbidden for a menstruating woman and is invalid if she performs it.

5 – The House must be treated with reverence and veneration; a Muslim should approach it only in the best outward state and with full ritual purity, as in Allah’s words: “Children of Adam, adorn yourselves at every place of worship” (al-Aʿrāf 7:31). Even the pre-Islamic Arabs honoured the Kaʿbah: they refused to circumambulate it in garments in which they had disobeyed Allah, borrowing clothes from Quraysh instead, and if they could find none, they circumambulated it naked.